Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫、绿盲蝽触杀活性研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是两种重要的经济作物害虫。为寻找一种安全高效的防治新手段,本文对10种中草药提取物触杀活性开展了研究。结果表明,在10种中草药提取物中,苦杏仁杀虫活性最高,药后7 d棉铃虫、绿盲蝽校正死亡率分别为65.4%和100%。发现苦杏仁粗提物经不同溶剂萃取后发现,氯仿萃取时析出物对绿盲蝽触杀活性最高,药后7 d校正死亡率可达96.9%。硅胶柱分离结果表明,流分L36-48具有较高的触杀活性,药后7 d校正死亡率为84.7%。本研究评价了10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫和绿盲蝽的触杀活性,并对苦杏仁有效成分开展了初步的分离鉴定,以期为两种害虫高效安全的新型药剂开发提供理论基础。     

枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵的分布及粘虫板对其秋季成虫落卵量的影响

为明确山西省太谷地区‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵分布及粘虫板对绿盲蝽产卵的影响,对该地区不同管理水平的枣园绿盲蝽越冬场所进行调查,并结合室内外饲养观察卵孵化规律,在枣园悬挂黄色粘虫板观察其对绿盲蝽秋季成虫落卵量的影响。结果表明:不同管理水平枣园,绿盲蝽越冬卵分布场所均以枣树断茬口为主,其次是修剪口和中年生枣股,一年生枣股、老年生枣股及翘皮缝也有少量分布;枣园内外的杂草上均发现有少量绿盲蝽越冬卵,而在土壤中几乎没有分布;枣树不同部位卵分布的集中程度不同,卵粒数由多到少顺序为:断茬口枣股修剪口翘皮缝;绿盲蝽越冬卵4月中下旬开始孵化,孵化盛期为4月底到5月初;秋末,挂黄色粘虫板可使绿盲蝽越冬卵数量降低42.88%～87.56%。研究结果对‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽的防控具有重要指导意义。     

Expression Patterns of the Serine Protease Gene AlSP 3 in Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae) at Different Temperatures

As an important digestive enzyme gene, the serine protease gene AlSP 3 plays a key role in Apolygus lucorum for digesting conventional cotton. To understand the effect of different temperatures on the expression level of AlSP 3, we analyzed the expression patterns of AlSP 3 in A. lucorum reared at different temperatures using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that at the normal temperature of 24 ℃, the expression of AlSP 3 in A .lucorum at different nymphal stages was similar. The expressions of AlSP 3 in the female adult at the pre-mating stage and the male adult at post-mating stage were 19.71- and 7.16-fold higher than their control at the 1^st nymphal stage, respectively, which were significantly higher than at any other stages. However, expression in the 4^th to 5^th A. lucorum at the nymphal stage increased with rising temperature in the range of 21～30 ℃. At 30 ℃, the expression of AlSP 3 in the 2nd to 5^th A. lucorum was the highest. The expression levels of AlSP 3 in adult A. lucorum reared at different temperatures during the new emergence and pre-mating stages were significantly higher than that of the control reared at 24 ℃ (P < 0.01), while the expression during the post-mating stage at 18℃ was higher than that at other temperatures. When incubated at extreme temperatures (4 ℃ and 40 ℃), the expression of AlSP 3 in female and male adult A. lucorum was significantly higher than that at 24 ℃ (P < 0.01). Taken together, our results showed that the external environment temperature and the internal stage of A. lucorum or its sex all had significant effects on the expression of AlSP 3 in A. lucorum (P < 0.01), and that there was some interactions between them. Therefore, AlSP 3 is very important for the female adult A. lucorum to obtain nutrition at the early stages and temperature is an important limiting factor for the expression of AlSP 3.     

温室凯特杏园明亮熊蜂和意大利蜜蜂的传粉生物学比较

对明亮熊蜂和意大利蜜蜂在温室凯特杏园的传粉生物学特性进行研究.结果表明,这2种蜂都可以代替人工弹花为温室杏园提供有效的传粉服务,但其传粉生物学特性不同.明亮熊蜂的趋光性差,适应温室环境能力强,活动起点温度为8.3℃,晴天日工作时间为7.85 h,访花速度为10.70朵.min-1;偏爱采集花粉,平均携粉率为31.59%.意大利蜜蜂的趋光性强,喜欢访问树冠上部的花朵;其活动受温度和光照条件的影响较大,在温度低于15℃的阴雪天气传粉活动停止,晴天日工作时间为5.34 h,访花速度为8.80朵.min-1;偏爱采集花蜜,平均携粉率仅为11.08%.因此,在低温条件下明亮熊蜂的传粉效果比意大利蜜蜂好.     

6种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的室内毒力测定

为筛选出防治绿盲蝽的有效药剂,指导田间施药,采用试管药膜法,测定了6种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的室内毒力。结果表明:阿维菌素、氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、螺虫乙酯和高效氯氰菊酯对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的LC50值,药剂处理24 h后,分别为8.19、10.39、19.96、25.30、25.77、28.17 mg/L;药剂处理48 h后,分别为3.64、5.86、10.39、17.57、15.93、12.21 mg/L。可见,阿维菌素对绿盲蝽毒力最高,氟氯氰菊酯次之,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和螺虫乙酯毒力较低。     

绿盲蝽越冬卵在苹果园中的空间分布型及抽样技术

近年来绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum已经逐渐发展成为果树上的重要害虫之一, 对其越冬卵在果树上的空间分布型进行探究具有重要意义?本研究利用6种聚集度指标?Iwao回归方程和Taylor幂法则分析了苹果园中绿盲蝽越冬卵的空间分布型, 同时对苹果园绿盲蝽越冬卵聚集的原因和最适理论抽样数进行了分析与计算?结果显示, 绿盲蝽越冬卵在苹果园呈聚集分布, 并且随着越冬卵密度的增加, 分布越聚集?绿盲蝽越冬卵的种群聚集是由其生活习性与周围环境共同引起的?运用绿盲蝽越冬卵空间分布型参数, 建立Iwao理论抽样数模型, 从而明确不同密度下绿盲蝽越冬卵的最适理论抽样数, 为今后绿盲蝽越冬卵在苹果园内密度的准确调查和种群密度的预测提供了理论依据?     

杭白菊园绿盲蝽发生与防治

为明确重要害虫绿盲蝽在杭白菊园发生动态和防治措施,遂于2012年选桐乡市主栽品种早小洋菊、晚小洋菊、异种大白菊园及3品种分别与桑树间作园,自6月初每半月调查1次。结果发现,7月底—8月初、9月上中旬、10月中旬—11月下旬出现3个虫口高峰,以最后1个历时最长、虫口密度最大;绿盲蝽若虫和成虫嗜好花蜜,可长时期潜入花朵中刺吸;纯菊园中,异种大白菊园虫口最少,晚小洋菊园虫口最多;间作园中,晚小洋菊-桑树间作园虫口最多,早小洋菊-桑树间作园虫口最少。药效试验表明,新型农药锐劲特效果较好。建议在10月上旬实施药剂防治。     

人工控制下熊蜂（Bombus lucorum）交配及影响因素的研究

对人工控制条件下熊蜂(B.lucorum)有性蜂性成熟期、性比、交配行为和影响因素进行了研究.研究表明,最佳交配日龄蜂王为8日龄,雄蜂为12日龄;影响熊蜂交配的因素包括温度、湿度和光照等;最佳交配雌雄性比为15;交配过程中蜂王和雄蜂的行为各不相同;交配时间大约持续30min.     

茶园绿盲蝽防治指标研究

为解决绿盲蝽严重为害春茶、防治指标空缺的问题,根据田间绿盲蝽若虫为害特征,对若虫的田间计数方法进行研究;利用田间试验,测算在不同绿盲蝽虫口密度下,茶鲜叶的经济损失率,并结合日照茶区绿盲蝽防治费用和茶鲜叶收益分析,确定日照茶区以虫口密度为测度的绿盲蝽防治指标。结果表明,绿盲蝽在茶丛的活动范围,受到鲜叶密度的影响。鲜叶密度大的茶园,一般在小范围内取食;鲜叶密度小的茶园,在略大的范围内取食。但是无论哪种茶园,其取食活动的茶丛横向范围都在一个不超过直径70cm的圆内。采摘单芽的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为0.99头/千梢;采摘一芽一叶的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为1.08头/千梢;采摘一芽一二叶的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为1.48头/千梢。以田间绿盲蝽虫口密度为测度的防治指标,具有很高的准确性,为防治费用和茶鲜叶收益与日照类似的茶园提供了科学依据,但由于绿盲蝽若虫田间一般呈聚集分布,且刚孵化若虫虫体较小,而且生活较隐蔽,不易被发现,应采取多次观察计数的方法,确定虫口密度。